?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ????? «??? ? ??? ?????» ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ????. ????? ????? ????? ?????. ????. ?

???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ? ???? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ???? ????. ?? ??‌????? ???????‌?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???. ????? ???? ???

????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???. ?? ?? ????? ??? ??‌???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???‌??? ??????? ????. ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????

????? ?? ? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??. ↑ «??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???». ↑ «?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ??». ??? ? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??

The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran. The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. pp. Johns Hopkins University Press. New ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? York: Gorgias Press. New York, NY: Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. Ency